SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 8
Brian Moffitt, Ed.D.  SWFL ASTD  October 20, 2010 Improving Interdepartmental Relationships www.GoodWorkNow.com
Learning Objectives ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Levels Level Description 1 Independent  – fully separate and distinct; there is no need for coordinated action. 2 Information Sharing  – need information on the others’ activities to do their own work.  3 Joint Problem Solving  – need to periodically resolve problems together; no one group has all the information and/or resources needed to solve the problem. 4 Joint Project Management  – need to commit to joint outcomes, share resources, and coordinate timelines until project goals are achieved. 5 Process Management  – need to coordinate continuously to monitor and improve key work processes; tends to be a formal horizontal structure.
Barriers  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategies  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Strategies  ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Thanks for attending today!

More Related Content

What's hot

Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration fridaykacrey
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration fridaykacrey
 
Labor_Proficiency_Test
Labor_Proficiency_TestLabor_Proficiency_Test
Labor_Proficiency_TestDavid Reynolds
 
HR management od interventions - Organizational Change and Development - Man...
HR management od interventions -  Organizational Change and Development - Man...HR management od interventions -  Organizational Change and Development - Man...
HR management od interventions - Organizational Change and Development - Man...manumelwin
 
Survey feedback - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
Survey feedback  - comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...Survey feedback  - comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...
Survey feedback - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...manumelwin
 
Team & group interventions
Team & group interventionsTeam & group interventions
Team & group interventionsSunit Kapoor
 
Responsibility charting OD intervetions - Organizational Change and Developm...
Responsibility charting OD intervetions -  Organizational Change and Developm...Responsibility charting OD intervetions -  Organizational Change and Developm...
Responsibility charting OD intervetions - Organizational Change and Developm...manumelwin
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration fridaykacrey
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration fridaykacrey
 
team interventions of od
team interventions of odteam interventions of od
team interventions of odanjali5491
 
Learning team c pp1
Learning team c pp1Learning team c pp1
Learning team c pp1Dwalthour09
 
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. Sinha
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. SinhaNT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. Sinha
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. SinhaNarsingh Kumar
 
Feeding back diagnostic information by jeff (copy)
Feeding back diagnostic information   by jeff (copy)Feeding back diagnostic information   by jeff (copy)
Feeding back diagnostic information by jeff (copy)jheff arenio
 
Stream analysis - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
Stream analysis -  comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...Stream analysis -  comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...
Stream analysis - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...manumelwin
 
Training and development - Individual OD interventions - Organizational Chan...
Training and development - Individual OD interventions -  Organizational Chan...Training and development - Individual OD interventions -  Organizational Chan...
Training and development - Individual OD interventions - Organizational Chan...manumelwin
 

What's hot (19)

Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration friday
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration friday
 
2 Team Dynamics
2 Team Dynamics2 Team Dynamics
2 Team Dynamics
 
Labor_Proficiency_Test
Labor_Proficiency_TestLabor_Proficiency_Test
Labor_Proficiency_Test
 
HR management od interventions - Organizational Change and Development - Man...
HR management od interventions -  Organizational Change and Development - Man...HR management od interventions -  Organizational Change and Development - Man...
HR management od interventions - Organizational Change and Development - Man...
 
Survey feedback - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
Survey feedback  - comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...Survey feedback  - comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...
Survey feedback - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
 
Team & group interventions
Team & group interventionsTeam & group interventions
Team & group interventions
 
Responsibility charting OD intervetions - Organizational Change and Developm...
Responsibility charting OD intervetions -  Organizational Change and Developm...Responsibility charting OD intervetions -  Organizational Change and Developm...
Responsibility charting OD intervetions - Organizational Change and Developm...
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration friday
 
Collaboration friday
Collaboration fridayCollaboration friday
Collaboration friday
 
team interventions of od
team interventions of odteam interventions of od
team interventions of od
 
Learning team c pp1
Learning team c pp1Learning team c pp1
Learning team c pp1
 
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. Sinha
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. SinhaNT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. Sinha
NT-P Leadership Theory_Prof. J.B.P. Sinha
 
Feeding back diagnostic information by jeff (copy)
Feeding back diagnostic information   by jeff (copy)Feeding back diagnostic information   by jeff (copy)
Feeding back diagnostic information by jeff (copy)
 
Introduction to management
Introduction to managementIntroduction to management
Introduction to management
 
Pine Project
Pine ProjectPine Project
Pine Project
 
Yb knowledge management
Yb knowledge managementYb knowledge management
Yb knowledge management
 
Stream analysis - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
Stream analysis -  comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...Stream analysis -  comprehensive OD interventions -  Organizational Change an...
Stream analysis - comprehensive OD interventions - Organizational Change an...
 
Training and development - Individual OD interventions - Organizational Chan...
Training and development - Individual OD interventions -  Organizational Chan...Training and development - Individual OD interventions -  Organizational Chan...
Training and development - Individual OD interventions - Organizational Chan...
 

Similar to Improving interdepartmental relationships

Principal plc presentation 6-8 & k-8 version
Principal plc presentation   6-8 & k-8 versionPrincipal plc presentation   6-8 & k-8 version
Principal plc presentation 6-8 & k-8 versionThomas Feller, Jr.
 
Directing_2011
Directing_2011Directing_2011
Directing_2011xtrm nurse
 
Educ239-Leadership.pptx
Educ239-Leadership.pptxEduc239-Leadership.pptx
Educ239-Leadership.pptxJovyTuting1
 
Business Development Associate Transition
Business Development Associate TransitionBusiness Development Associate Transition
Business Development Associate TransitionDeanne Taenzer
 
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...Yuvarajah Thiagarajah
 
Slides For Wsu Presentation
Slides For Wsu PresentationSlides For Wsu Presentation
Slides For Wsu PresentationWSU Cougars
 
Learning in Partnerships
Learning in PartnershipsLearning in Partnerships
Learning in PartnershipsOlivier Serrat
 
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership februaryThurein Naywinaung
 
OB Chapter 1 Robbins
OB Chapter 1 RobbinsOB Chapter 1 Robbins
OB Chapter 1 RobbinsTawfeeqHasan2
 
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for Learning
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for LearningEliciting Tacit Knowledge for Learning
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for LearningOlivier Serrat
 
Leadership 10 16 2008
Leadership 10 16 2008Leadership 10 16 2008
Leadership 10 16 2008dogged
 
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadership
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadershipModule 1 session 2 rethinking leadership
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadershipJohn Pisapia
 
Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Keith Eades
 
Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Keith Eades
 
Organization development full note nepal bank preparation
Organization development  full note nepal bank preparationOrganization development  full note nepal bank preparation
Organization development full note nepal bank preparationRoshan Pant
 
Integrating Assessment and Faculty Development
Integrating Assessment and Faculty DevelopmentIntegrating Assessment and Faculty Development
Integrating Assessment and Faculty Developmentwmiller824
 

Similar to Improving interdepartmental relationships (20)

Principal plc presentation 6-8 & k-8 version
Principal plc presentation   6-8 & k-8 versionPrincipal plc presentation   6-8 & k-8 version
Principal plc presentation 6-8 & k-8 version
 
Directing_2011
Directing_2011Directing_2011
Directing_2011
 
Principal plc presentation
Principal plc presentationPrincipal plc presentation
Principal plc presentation
 
Educ239-Leadership.pptx
Educ239-Leadership.pptxEduc239-Leadership.pptx
Educ239-Leadership.pptx
 
Business Development Associate Transition
Business Development Associate TransitionBusiness Development Associate Transition
Business Development Associate Transition
 
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...
Learning Organisation adapted from Peter Senge's 5th Discipline - Philosophy,...
 
Function of Management
Function of ManagementFunction of Management
Function of Management
 
X+L Recruitment - who do we want?
X+L Recruitment - who do we want?X+L Recruitment - who do we want?
X+L Recruitment - who do we want?
 
Slides For Wsu Presentation
Slides For Wsu PresentationSlides For Wsu Presentation
Slides For Wsu Presentation
 
Learning in Partnerships
Learning in PartnershipsLearning in Partnerships
Learning in Partnerships
 
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february
2010 medical doctors mgt&leadership february
 
OB Chapter 1 Robbins
OB Chapter 1 RobbinsOB Chapter 1 Robbins
OB Chapter 1 Robbins
 
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for Learning
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for LearningEliciting Tacit Knowledge for Learning
Eliciting Tacit Knowledge for Learning
 
Leadership 10 16 2008
Leadership 10 16 2008Leadership 10 16 2008
Leadership 10 16 2008
 
Blackburn williamson (2018)
Blackburn  williamson (2018)Blackburn  williamson (2018)
Blackburn williamson (2018)
 
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadership
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadershipModule 1 session 2 rethinking leadership
Module 1 session 2 rethinking leadership
 
Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1
 
Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1Professional learning communities overview 1
Professional learning communities overview 1
 
Organization development full note nepal bank preparation
Organization development  full note nepal bank preparationOrganization development  full note nepal bank preparation
Organization development full note nepal bank preparation
 
Integrating Assessment and Faculty Development
Integrating Assessment and Faculty DevelopmentIntegrating Assessment and Faculty Development
Integrating Assessment and Faculty Development
 

Recently uploaded

Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdfIntro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdfpollardmorgan
 
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfDigital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfJos Voskuil
 
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptx
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptxContemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptx
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptxMarkAnthonyAurellano
 
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,noida100girls
 
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsCash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsApsara Of India
 
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Time
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any TimeCall Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Time
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Timedelhimodelshub1
 
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress  Report - Oracle Database Analyst SummitProgress  Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst SummitHolger Mueller
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCRashishs7044
 
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… AbridgedLean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… AbridgedKaiNexus
 
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis UsageNeil Kimberley
 
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...lizamodels9
 
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessOrganizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessSeta Wicaksana
 
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607dollysharma2066
 
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesAnnual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesKeppelCorporation
 
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable  and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...Global Scenario On Sustainable  and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...ictsugar
 
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deckPitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deckHajeJanKamps
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCRashishs7044
 
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menza
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu MenzaYouth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menza
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menzaictsugar
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCRashishs7044
 
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creations
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet CreationsMarketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creations
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creationsnakalysalcedo61
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdfIntro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
Intro to BCG's Carbon Emissions Benchmark_vF.pdf
 
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdfDigital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
Digital Transformation in the PLM domain - distrib.pdf
 
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptx
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptxContemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptx
Contemporary Economic Issues Facing the Filipino Entrepreneur (1).pptx
 
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,
BEST Call Girls In Greater Noida ✨ 9773824855 ✨ Escorts Service In Delhi Ncr,
 
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call GirlsCash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
Cash Payment 9602870969 Escort Service in Udaipur Call Girls
 
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Time
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any TimeCall Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Time
Call Girls Miyapur 7001305949 all area service COD available Any Time
 
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress  Report - Oracle Database Analyst SummitProgress  Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
Progress Report - Oracle Database Analyst Summit
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Uttam Nagar Delhi NCR
 
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… AbridgedLean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
Lean: From Theory to Practice — One City’s (and Library’s) Lean Story… Abridged
 
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage
2024 Numerator Consumer Study of Cannabis Usage
 
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
Call Girls In Radisson Blu Hotel New Delhi Paschim Vihar ❤️8860477959 Escorts...
 
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessOrganizational Structure Running A Successful Business
Organizational Structure Running A Successful Business
 
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607
(Best) ENJOY Call Girls in Faridabad Ex | 8377087607
 
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation SlidesAnnual General Meeting Presentation Slides
Annual General Meeting Presentation Slides
 
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable  and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...Global Scenario On Sustainable  and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
Global Scenario On Sustainable and Resilient Coconut Industry by Dr. Jelfina...
 
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deckPitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
Pitch Deck Teardown: NOQX's $200k Pre-seed deck
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Shivaji Enclave Delhi NCR
 
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menza
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu MenzaYouth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menza
Youth Involvement in an Innovative Coconut Value Chain by Mwalimu Menza
 
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
8447779800, Low rate Call girls in Rohini Delhi NCR
 
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creations
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet CreationsMarketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creations
Marketing Management Business Plan_My Sweet Creations
 

Improving interdepartmental relationships

  • 1. Brian Moffitt, Ed.D. SWFL ASTD October 20, 2010 Improving Interdepartmental Relationships www.GoodWorkNow.com
  • 2.
  • 3.
  • 4. Levels Level Description 1 Independent – fully separate and distinct; there is no need for coordinated action. 2 Information Sharing – need information on the others’ activities to do their own work. 3 Joint Problem Solving – need to periodically resolve problems together; no one group has all the information and/or resources needed to solve the problem. 4 Joint Project Management – need to commit to joint outcomes, share resources, and coordinate timelines until project goals are achieved. 5 Process Management – need to coordinate continuously to monitor and improve key work processes; tends to be a formal horizontal structure.
  • 5.
  • 6.
  • 7.